![]() ![]() Afterwards, a status matrix was presented to identify the level of different digital technologies being studied and their future application potential for key activities of underground infrastructure projects. Consequently, critical limitations and challenges are revealed, such as the lack of as-built and as-is information, the requirement of data quality and quantity for deep learning methods, the lack of fully automated robotic systems, etc. The in-depth review was conducted based on 145 publications from the perspective of locating and mapping, construction and coordination, as well as O&M. ![]() ![]() To obtain deeper insights from existing research and provide directions for future research, this study conducts a comprehensive review of research on underground infrastructure construction and Operation & Maintenance (O&M) with a focus on digital technologies. Research efforts have been made to facilitate different activities of underground infrastructure projects using various methods, particularly digital technologies. Urban underground infrastructure is a critical component in cities to provide essential services to residents. The research presents beneficial statistics which shall help the decision-makers and related authorities in managing the development process in the area in a better and more sustainable manner. After a study of land use maps it was also observed that the increase in settlements caused a decrease in vegetation to 18 % in the last decade. Statistical analysis of the historical data predicted an increase of 26.8 % in the area of settlements during the next decade up to the Year 2032. during the past 30 years from 1992 to 2022 with a sharp increase of 25.5 % in the last 10 years only. The results show that the total urban area of AMA has significantly increased from 199 sq. This study examines the historical growth of AMA by using Geographical Information System data and satellite image classification techniques for the last 30 years. Because of this rapid growth, AMA is currently exposed to many short and long-term social, economic, and environmental challenges that need to be studied and assessed to provide solutions for the betterment of the population. Moreover, this paper proposes a holistic framework of key aspects of resilient criteria that need to be taken into account by the city governor, policymakers, and developer bodies for better management of available infrastructure and its development in future years.Īl Ahsa Metropolitan Area (AMA), located in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia, has witnessed rapid population growth with remarkable urban expansion during the past few decades due to the discovery of oil. The study highlights the need to make improvements in terms of the robustness, redundancy, and flexibility of the CINs in the city. Overall results show that CINs in the city of Najran were performing below average compared with the measurement criteria. The data were compiled to list the basic parameters required for the development of resilience criteria. The research method of this study involves a case study of Najran, including a collection of CIN data, history of natural disasters, and future potential hazards. Therefore, this study is proposed to spatially analyze the resilience of CINs in Saudi Arabia and to develop a holistic resilience framework for buildings and communities. Given the significance of critical infrastructure networks (CINs) for maintaining the quality of life in buildings and communities, improving their resilience is of high importance to governors, planners, and policymakers. Cities around the world increasingly recognize the need to build on their resilience to deal with converging forces such as disasters, environmental degradation, urban sprawl, and climate change. ![]()
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